Check the boards for fredborgs (think was him) Accum Buffer based lighting. With that you could get such effects even in 2D if you make sure that all the stuff is drawn in the correct order.
A different approach would be an "overlay image" with LightBlend / ShadeBlend / Alphablend depending on how you exactly want it to look.
The main problem is only how to get the background drawn without beeing affect by it. The best way I could think of is: use Indiepath Render2Texture, draw everything beside the background to that texture including the light effects. Then draw the background to backbuffer and draw that texture to backbuffer.
Indie: Wouldn't a real light have problems with the fact that there are only 4 vertices on such an asteroid? (first thought about those as well but with few vertices, hardware lights look extremely bad)